What You Should Know About Interracial Friendship

Interracial friendships have been the subject of television shows such as â€Å"Any Day Now† or films such as â€Å"The Lethal Weapon† franchise. To boot whenever prominent people make a racial misstep, they are so quick to declare that some of their â€Å"best friends are black† that the expression has become a clichà ©. The idea that hipsters desperately want black friends has also become pervasive in recent years. In reality, interracial friendships remain relatively uncommon. Racially segregated schools, neighborhoods and workplaces contribute to this trend. But even in diverse settings, interracial friendships tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Racial stereotypes and prejudice inevitably color how different racial groups perceive each other, resulting in divisions that pose challenges to potential cross-cultural friendships. Investigating Rarity While government agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau collect data on interracial marriage, there’s no definitive way to determine how common interracial friendships are. Simply asking people if they have a friend of a different race has also proven to be ineffective given that the public is likely to include mere acquaintances as friends in an effort to appear well-rounded and open-minded. Accordingly in 2006, demographer Brent Berry set out to discover how common interracial friendships are by examining more than 1,000 photographs of wedding parties. Berry reasoned that people typically include their closest friends in wedding parties, leaving little doubt that the members of such parties would be true friends of the bride and groom. Those featured in the wedding party photos were of black, white and Asian origin or what Berry classified as â€Å"other† race. To say that Berry’s results were eye-opening would be an understatement. The demographer found that just 3.7 percent of whites were close enough to their black friends to include them in their wedding parties. Meanwhile, 22.2 percent of African Americans included white groomsmen and bridesmaids in their wedding parties. That’s six times the amount of whites who included blacks in theirs. On the other hand, whites and Asians included each other in wedding parties at roughly the same rate. Asians, though, include blacks in their wedding parties at just one-fifth the rate that blacks include them. Berry’s research leads one to conclude that African Americans are much more open to cross-cultural relationships than other groups. It also reveals that whites and Asians are far less inclined to invite blacks to join their wedding parties—presumably because African Americans remain so marginalized in the U.S. that a friendship with a black person lacks the social currency that a friendship with a white person or Asian carries. Other Barriers Racism isn’t the only barrier to interracial friendships. Reports that Americans have become increasingly socially isolated in the 21st also play a role. According to a 2006 study called â€Å"Social Isolation in America† the number of people Americans say they can discuss important matters with dwindled by almost one-third from 1985 to 2004. The study not only found that people have fewer confidants but that Americans increasingly confide in their family members rather than in friends.  Moreover, 25 percent of Americans say they have no one at all to confide in, more than double the amount of people who said the same in 1985. The impact of this trend affects people of color more than whites. Minorities and people with less education have smaller social networks than whites do. If people of color are more likely to depend on their family members for companionship than non-relatives it makes it unlikely that they will have many same-race friendships, let alone interracial ones. Hope For The Future While the public’s social networks may be shrinking, the amount of Americans in the 21st century who report having interracial friendships is up from 1985. The percentage of Americans who say they have at least one close friend of another race has risen from 9 percent to 15 percent, according to the General Social Survey, which the researchers behind â€Å"Social Isolation in America† used for their study. Nearly 1,500 people were questioned about the individuals with whom they’d recently discussed serious concerns. Researchers then asked participants to describe the race, gender, educational background and other characteristics of their confidants. Twenty years from now the amount of Americans involved in interracial friendships will surely increase.

Benefits Of Artificial Intelligence Technology - 1960 Words

1 INTRODUCTION It is undeniably correct that our lives have been largely managed by the recent technological advancements. Machines control most of our works and actions. Artificial intelligence technology is used both in private use and industrial use for years. These machines have high levels of autonomy, intelligence and inter-connectivity. But many people around the world suffer from the injuries caused by the machines and many seek claims of damages as well as redressal from the legal systems. The negligence caused by the AI leads to infringement of the rights of the victims and they are sufficiently entitled for claims of damages and compensation. The issue of tort liability of the robots and whether the current liability provides†¦show more content†¦3 RULE OF LAW 3.1 Tort A wrongful act or omission for which damages can be obtained in a civil court by the person wronged, other than a wrong that is only a breach of contract. The law of tort is mainly concerned with providing compensation for personal injury and property damage caused by negligence. 3.2 Negligence Carelessness amounting to culpable breach of a duty: failure to do something that a reasonable man would do, or doing something that a reasonable man would not do. In cases of professional negligence, involving someone with a special skill, that person is expected to show the skill of an average member of his profession. 3.3 Strict Liability Liability for a wrong that is imposed without the claimant having to prove that the defendant was at fault. It is no defence in these torts that the defendant took reasonable care to prevent damage, but various other defences are admitted. 3.4 Vicarious Liability Legal Liability imposed on one person for torts or crimes committed by another (usually an employee but sometimes an independent contractor or agent), although the person made vicariously liable is not personally at fault. An employer is vicariously liable for torts committed by his employees when he has authorized or ratified them or when the tort was committed during the employees work. respondeat superior 3.5 Damages A sum of money awarded by a court as compensation for a tort or a breach of contract. Damages are usually a lump-sum award. TheShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence Is The Most Important And Interesting One?1432 Words   |  6 Pagesout new ways to make technology greater so that life for us humans can be better. One of the major areas of innovation that scientists are continuing to improve upon is Artificial Intelligence. For this essay, the topic of ethics that I chose to write about is the Case Study on Artificial Intelligence; I chose this topic because I felt like it was the most important and interesting one. There are many different views and ideas concerning the subject of Artificial Intelligence and this paper will outlineRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Technology1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The increasing use of artificial intelligence in technology will transform our societies for the worse.† Module: FC-503 Tutor Name: Assessment type: Essay Student Number: T0061516 Word Count: The theme of the 2017 Summer Davos meeting was about the fourth revolution of science and technology and artificial intelligence was undoubtedly one of the main topics discussed by people. From driving interactive voice with nobody to Alphago defeat the invincible chess champion Ke Jie (GibneyRead MoreArtificial Intelligence : Robotic Surgery1202 Words   |  5 PagesArtificial intelligence is defined as the development of computer systems to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. In the scientific industry, artificial intelligence is used to assist surgeons in surgery, referred to as robotic surgery, and is most likely to become the most dominant form of surgery. Robot assisted surgery has been prevalent for about ten years now, and is becoming popular in many industries. In aeronautics, NASA is implementing robotic surgery for astronauts inRead MoreArtificial Intelligence1237 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is artificial intelligence? Should humanity be concerned? There are many interpretations of Artificial intelligence. Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines artificial intelligence as â€Å"A branch of computer science, dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviour, in computers or the capability of a machine, to imitate intelligent human behaviour† (Artificial Intelligence, 1828). With technology continually progressing and embedding itself into today’s population, from Siri on iPhoneRead MoreTechnology And Technology : The Economic Impact Of Technology?748 Words   |  3 PagesThe article begins with an example of how technology has evolved. Before the 1970s, gas stations had to hire employees to pump gas for customers. Today there are over 168,000 gas stations in the United States and very few of these stations hire attendants to pump gas. Maney then explores the true economic impact of the automation. For instance, the number of men with college degrees doubled and the number of women with college de grees quadrupled between 1970 and 2015. With more educated peopleRead MoreBenefits Of Artificial Intelligence761 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Intelligence, more commonly referred to by its abbreviations AI, is defined as intelligence displayed by machines rather than humans. Its aptitudes include successfully recognising and comprehending human speech, computing simulations and analysing an immense amount of elaborate data. As there is limitless potential for this technology, there is a lot of research currently underway to develop AI with the ability to outperform humans at virtually every cognitive task, rather than specificRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1470 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial Intelligence, an acronym for AI. It is a new technical science in the research and development of intelligent theories, methods, techniques and applications for the simulation, extension and expansion of human beings. In my vision of the artificial intelligence in the future, artificial intelligence can not only manage the daily life of people, but also can become one of the family members to the human beings, and enjoy the same equal human rights. Even we can embed the mind of diedRead MoreThe Pros And Disadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1423 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial intelligence can be defined as the ability of a computer performing activities normally considered to require human intelligence. According to Blay Whitby, â€Å"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the study of intelligent behavior (in humans, animals, and machines) and the attempt to find ways in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of artifact. It is one of the most difficult and arguably the most exciting enterprise ever undertaken by humanity† (1). Technology is moving at a fastRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Impact864 Words   |  4 Pages Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact to The Modern World Artificial Intelligence is something that us humans have known about for many years now. It is something that has been brought up and popularized in movies and books, and is a subject matter that a lot of people enjoy reading up on. The benefits of artificially intelligences out weighs the risks, but it is something that should be treaded carefully. Based on movies and known theories artificially intelligence has the possibilityRead MoreShort Summary On Artificial Intelligence1324 Words   |  6 PagesAtwain Baker College 03/16/2017 Final Project (Artificial Intelligence) â€Æ' Artificial Intelligence Many people in this world have heard about the Artificial Intelligence (AI) but they never knew how it was developed and how is t growing. AI has been planned for years and is still one of the most mysterious subjects in Computer Science. In this essay I will be taking you into more of a short summary of Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence has been one of the most important things that was

Television Is Bad for Children Free Essays

It has been suggested that watching television may do more harm than good to a child’s developmental skills. But a new study says that it all depends on what children watch — some educational programs on TV can actually enhance children’s intellectual development. Until now, television viewing has been blamed consistently for having a negative effect on children’s developmental skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Television Is Bad for Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the authors of a new study, which was published in the September/October issue of Child Development, argue that not all television programs are created equal. All TV is not alike,† says co-author Aletha Huston, PhD, professor of child development at the University of Texas at Austin. â€Å"Educational television can have a very positive impact on young children. † For the study, researchers recruited more than 200 children in the Kansas City area who were from low- to moderate-income families. About 40% of the children were African-Americans, and the rest were Hispanic and Caucasian Americans. During the 3-year study, which followed children from ages 2 to 4 years, researchers tested the children and visited their homes every year. The tests included reading, vocabulary, math, and school readiness. â€Å"Children who watched educational programming — particularly at age 2 and 3 — performed better on tests of school-related skills than children who did not watch educational television,† says Huston. â€Å"Watching a lot of general audience programming was related to poor skills. † After controlling for the family environment, which included parents’ education and family income, researchers found that watching educational programs on television may indeed translate to better skills. Daniel Anderson, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, says that the findings highlight the importance of the type of content that is viewed. â€Å"What children watch on television is the key,† says Anderson. â€Å"When the television programs are designed to teach, children learn good things. If they are not designed to teach, and especially if they include violence, children learn things that end up being bad for their behavior. Anderson points out that for children from low- to moderate-income families, such educational programming is filling in parts of their childhood experience that they might not otherwise get. â€Å"These children very often don’t have other educational resources available in their homes, such as age-appropriate books, and parents often don’t understand the importance of reading to their children and encouraging their children to read,† says Anderson. Researchers say that it is heartening to see that educational programming has become a regular, if small, part of broadcast offerings. Children can learn cognitive and social skills from such programs if parents supervise what they watch. â€Å"Television is a powerful tool to teach things good or bad,† says John Murray, PhD, professor in the school of family studies and human services at Kansas State University. null But he cautions that too much television for school-aged children may have the opposite effect. â€Å"The rule of thumb is two hours per day,† says Murray. â€Å"Watching too much television takes away time children spend on exercise and other school-related activities. A related study, released this week in the September issue of Ambulatory Pediatrics, found that easy access to television, such as having a TV in a child’s room, leads to more time spent in front of the tube. The study author, Jean Wiecha, PhD, says her study backs up that 2-hour rule. â€Å"Parents should limit the time children spend watching television,† says Wiecha, deputy director of the prevention rese arch center on nutrition and physical activity at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. â€Å"More than 2 hours of viewing time may have health consequences for children, such as obesity. Technology runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has definitely benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. Automation brought about by technology has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has made the world a smaller place to live in. Let us look at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change. Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household: Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. Imagine the amount of labor that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of automation did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the boredom of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be spending doing household chores during the time there were no machines and household appliances. It’s better not imagined. Today’s is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of Transport: The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. Time has witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of transport in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either because they are risky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial intelligence has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration. Data Management and Information Retrieval: Computer technology, needless to say, has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from computer networking concepts is the most effective communication platform and the largest information base existing today. Impact on the Entertainment and Advertising Industries: The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and advertising industries. Over the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses within seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to watch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and user-friendly devices, all this has become really easy. Onset of the Digital Age: There’s hardly anything analog now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. Talk pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compact form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is! Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering user experience with technology. Communication Redefined: Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest means to connect. Owing to developments in technology, communication is wireless. Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. Satellite Technology: Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite radio have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio, even communication to ships and airplanes wouldn’t have been possible if not for satellite communication. Even your hand-held devices wouldn’t be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few fields influenced by technology. It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on the whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improved the quality of human life. There’s less risk, less effort, less mess. There’s more leisure, more ease and more speed – all because of that ten-letter word – not a word, a phenomenon – technology. How to cite Television Is Bad for Children, Essay examples

Snows Of Kilimanjaro And Death Of Ivan Illych Essay Example For Students

Snows Of Kilimanjaro And Death Of Ivan Illych Essay The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway and The Death ofIvan Ilych by Leo Tolstoy are both excellent literary works that bothdeserve equal praise. Hemingways story is about a regretful, wasted authornamed Harry who is lying on an African plain dying of gangrene. Ivan, the maincharacter in Tolstoys story, is dying of a incurable illness and reminiscing ofhis life and grieving over everything he did not do right. Both stories haveequally effective points of view told in third person narrative. The Deathof Ivan Ilych has more realistic conflicts than does The Snows ofKilimanjaro which has extremely powerful symbols. Both Hemingway andTolstoy are successful in coupling these three elements with various themes tomake each of the stories equally enjoyable. The point of view used in TheDeath of Ivan Ilych and The Snows of Kilimanjaro is a thirdperson narrative, and has been used effectively in both stories. Each of theauthors use a shifting form of narration that efficiently helps to d epict bothHarrys and Ivans situation. In The Snows of Kilimanjaro, ErnestHemingways narrative changes from viewing the couple to inside Harrys mindthrough a series of italicized flashbacks and since the two perspectives aredifferentiated in the text the plot is relatively easy to follow. The narrativein The Death of Ivan Ilych is more complicated than The Snowsof Kilimanjaro. Tolstoy directs attention to Robbins 2 variousperspectives: from Ivans mind looking out, from the point of view of othercharacters, and from the outside focusing in on various characters. Hemingwayuses a narrative that is direct, most of which is dialogue, and through this thestory unfolds: Ive been writing, he said. But I just gottired. Do you think you will be able to sleep? Prettysure. Why dont you turn in? I like to sit here with you.Do you feel anything strange? he asked her. No. Just a littlesleepy. I do, he said. (Hemingway, 452) Tolstoy, on he otherhand, comments throughout the narration, interpreting each incidence: He reachedhome and began to tell his wife about it. She listened, but in the middle of hisaccount his daughter came in with her hat on, ready to go out with her mother. She sat down reluctantly to listen to this tedious story, but could not stand itlong, and her mother too did not hear him to the end. (Tolstoy,156) Both pointsof view have aspects that simplify them, as well as aspects that createconfusion. Hemingway effectively uses italicized sections to separate Harrysflashbacks from reality while Tolstoys narration is not as easy to comply withconsidering that there is no device to contrast the different perspectives. Tolstoys writing is an interpretation of the occurrences in Ivans life whereas Hemingways is more dialogue making it more challenging to interpret. Considering both stories have complicated narration with styles of writing thatcan be confusing as well as both using different literary devices to aid ineasing any confusion, the point of view in The Snows of Kilimanjarois no more effective that in The death of Ivan Ilych. The conflictsin The Snows of Kilimanjaro and in The Death of Ivan Ilychare Robbins 3 extremely similar and are both supported by a theme of coming toterms with a wasted life. The core of all conflicts is the external strifebetween both Harry and Ivan and the terminal illnesses that they battle. Sinceneither are in a position to overcome these diseases, various internal strugglesarise. Hemingway and Tolstoy both describe various failure and regret issues themain characters must examine: Now he would never write the things that he hadsaved to write until he knew enough to write them well. Well, he would neverfail at trying to write them either. Maybe you could never write them, and thatwas why you put them off and delayed the starting. Well he would never know,now. (Hemingway, 438) Harrys struggle concerns things he failed to completewhile Ivans is about all that he had accomplished through methods that were notmorally right: ?Yes, it was all not the right thing, he said tohimself, ?but thats no matter. It can be done. But what is the rightthing?' (Tolstoy,180). Tolstoy also explores an aspect of denial withinIvan making the use of conflict more effective than that used in The Snowsof Kilimanjaro. The pain did not grow less, but Ivan Ilych madeefforts to force himself to think that he was better (Tolstoy, 156). Thedenial Ivan experiences about his death is more realistic than Harrysacceptance of it. ?Im going to die tonight, he said. ?I dont needmy strength up' (Hemingway,447). Ivan struggles with death and pain, andattempts to battle it away after realizing that he has not lived his life as heshould of. Harry, on the other hand, is numb; he feels no pain and realizes heis dying but he does n ot struggle with death, he accepts it. This makes thestory very fictitious and creates no pathos for Harry. They each regret notliving to their potential and Ivans pain and suffering creates a great deal ofsympathy for him. Although the conflicts and use of theme are closely Robbins 4 related in both stories, Tolstoy creates pathos towards Ivan through a morerealistic situation rendering the conflicts in The Death of Ivan Ilychbetter than those in The Snows of Kilimanjaro. The symbols inThe Snows of Kilimanjaro are stronger and more meaningful that thosein The Death of Ivan Ilych. The dominant symbols in both storiesrepresent death; Hemingway uses a hyena and Tolstoy a black sack: Forthree whole days, during which time did not exist for him, he struggled in thatblack sack into which he was being thrust(Tolstoy,180). Both areexcellent symbols, when the hyena appears so does the rush of death and the sacrepresents the darkness of death. The Snows of Kilimanjaro also usesthe hyena to s ymbolize Harry because he posses all the qualities of the hyena,he is a lazy scavenger that takes the easy road in life. He lives by rich womenand has been too lazy to follow his dream of being a writer: He had destroyedhis talent by not using it, by betrayals of himself and what he believed in, byDrinking so much that he blunted the edge of his perceptions, by laziness, bysloth and by snobbery, by pride and by prejudice, by hook and by crook. .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .postImageUrl , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:hover , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:visited , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:active { border:0!important; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:active , .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8e33e8efc3bfe3cc76154077677d93b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Rose For Emily Character Analysis Essay(Hemingway,442) This symbol also demonstrates a theme in the story of livingwithout passion. Hemingway uses the leopard in the epigram at the beginning ofthe story to represent what Harry would like to be, someone with strength,courage and passion. The leopard is found at the top of the mountain and why itwent there is a mystery. In The Snows of Kilimanjaro the mountainrepresents the afterlife, a place of inspiration that Harry can go to achievethe characteristics of the leopard. In The Death of Ivan Ilych thenarrator states that In place of death there was light (Tolstoy,181). Tolstoy uses the light to represent Ivans afterlife. Th ere is alsosymbolism in the way Robbins 5 both Harry and Ivan die. Ivan slowly fades andwithers away to nothing in the same way his marriage, family and career did andHarrys leg is rotting away just as his life as a writer decayed due to hislaziness. The hyena, leopard, mountain and rot are very strong symbolsespecially since their significance can account for more than one thing. Tolstoys symbols are effective but only have single representations. Thesymbols used in The Snows of Kilimanjaro are more effective thanthose in the The Death of Ivan Ilych. because of their numerousportrayals. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and The Death of IvanIlych are equally excellent works of art. The point of view in bothstories is slightly confusing but each author uses an original literary deviceto simplify the story. The Death of Ivan Ilych uses conflicts thatare more realistic and that create pathos for the main character, making Tolstoymore effective than Hemingway in this aspect. Both stories use symbols that arestrong and very meaningful but Hemingways use of them is more effective inThe Snows of Kilimanjaro because they are multi representative. Considering these factors, and that both Hemingway and Tolstoy effectively weavethemes of wasted lives and lack of passion into their plots, neither story isbetter than the other.

Answer Question Example

Answer Question Example Answer Question – Coursework Example Grices Maxims al Affiliation) Paul Grice is a famous scholar who wrote theories about how individuals carry out themselves when speaking (Ramsay & Field, 2007). Most individuals follow the rules subconsciously not knowing what they mean. The question number 2 violates the rule of the maxim of relation. It is because the individual answering the question is off topic. The individual answers about the singers costume and yet the question relates to her singing. On the other hand, question 6 the individual speaking breaks the rule of Maxim of Quantity. It is because he or she does not provide the information that will help the individual asking the question. Question 1 is not valid and sound because the sentence is vague. It does make sense in the mindset of the individual reading. The sentence is not sound because the professors agree that they have little pay, but it is not a basis for the small pay. Question 2 is also not valid and sound because Lee cannot run a company, but he is ca pable of doing many things. The speaker violates the maxim of quality because the individual answering the question does not say what he or she believes is the truth. Question 5 is not sound and valid because it is vague. Question 7 is sound and valid because it is because is truthful. Question 9 and 11 are sound and valid because they make sense to an individual reading it. All his or her children are the teenager a valid sentence that is true. All teenagers area student is an invalid statement, which is false. All my children are students a valid answer, which is true.ReferencesRamsay, A., & Field, D. (2007). Speech Acts, Epistemic Planning and Grices Maxims. Journal Of Logic And Computation, 18(3), 431-457. doi:10.1093/logcom/exm073

Nucleic Acids - Function, Examples, and Monomers

Nucleic Acids s, and Monomers Nucleic acids are molecules that allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. These macromolecules store the genetic information that determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible. Key Takeaways: Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and enable protein production.Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides.Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.DNA is composed of a phosphate-deoxyribose sugar backbone and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).RNA has ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and uracil (U). Two examples of nucleic acids include: deoxyribonucleic acid (better known as DNA) and ribonucleic acid (better known as RNA). These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides held together by covalent bonds. Nucleic acids can be found within the nucleus and cytoplasm of our cells. Nucleic Acid Monomers Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide monomers linked together. Nucleotides have three parts: A Nitrogenous BaseA Five-Carbon (Pentose) SugarA Phosphate Group Nitrogenous bases include purine molecules (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine molecules (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). In DNA, the five-carbon sugar is deoxyribose, while ribose is the pentose sugar in RNA. Nucleotides are linked together to form polynucleotide chains. They are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the phosphate of one and the sugar of another. These linkages are called phosphodiester linkages. Phosphodiester linkages form the sugar-phosphate backbone of both DNA and RNA. Similar to what happens with protein and carbohydrate monomers, nucleotides are linked together through dehydration synthesis. In nucleic acid dehydration synthesis, nitrogenous bases are joined together and a water molecule is lost in the process. Interestingly, some nucleotides perform important cellular functions as individual molecules, the most common example being ATP. DNA Structure DNA is composed of a phosphate-deoxyribose sugar backbone and the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). OpenStax/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 DNA is the cellular molecule that contains instructions for the performance of all cell functions. When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation. DNA is organized into chromosomes and found within the nucleus of our cells. It contains the programmatic instructions for cellular activities. When organisms produce offspring, these instructions in are passed down through DNA. DNA commonly exists as a double stranded molecule with a twisted double helix shape. DNA is composed of a phosphate-deoxyribose sugar backbone and the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In double stranded DNA, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C). RNA Structure RNA is composed of a phosphate-ribose sugar backbone and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (U). Sponk/Wikimedia Commons RNA is essential for the synthesis of proteins. Information contained within the genetic code is typically passed from DNA to RNA to the resulting proteins. There are several different types of RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA transcript or RNA copy of the DNA message produced during DNA transcription. Messenger RNA is translated to form proteins.Transfer RNA (tRNA) has a three dimensional shape and is necessary for the translation of mRNA in protein synthesis.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes and is also involved in protein synthesis.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that help to regulate gene expression. RNA most commonly exists as a single stranded molecule composed of a phosphate-ribose sugar backbone and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (U). When DNA is transcribed into an  RNA transcript during DNA transcription, guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C) and adenine pairs with uracil (A-U). Differences Between DNA and RNA Composition This image shows a comparison of a single-stranded RNA molecule and a double-stranded DNA molecule. Sponk/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA differ in composition and structure. The differences are listed as follows: DNA Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and ThymineFive-Carbon Sugar: DeoxyriboseStructure: Double-stranded DNA is commonly found in its three dimensional, double helix shape. This twisted structure makes it possible for DNA to unwind for DNA replication and protein synthesis. RNA Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and UracilFive-Carbon Sugar: RiboseStructure: Single-stranded While RNA does not take on a double helix shape like DNA, this molecule is able to form complex three dimensional shapes. This is possible because RNA bases form complementary pairs with other bases on the same RNA strand. The base pairing causes RNA to fold forming various shapes. More Macromolecules Biological Polymers: These are macromolecules formed from the joining together of small organic molecules.Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates include saccharides or sugars and their derivatives.Proteins: These macromolecules are formed from amino acid monomers.Lipids: Lipids are organic compounds that include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

Introduction to people, Orgarniation and Management Essay

Introduction to people, Orgarniation and Management - Essay Example The company has got continuous improvements in its process which has helped it to increase its market share in such a way and also has enabled the company to utilize the resources in most optimum way thus reducing the wastage costs by a huge extent. In this essay the organizational structure and culture that is been followed in valve is been analyzed using various theories. The issues which are been analyzed in this essay related to the company are the organizations structure and architecture and also the leadership and power wherein the importance of having a good structure in the company and also a strong leader is been seen and how it creates an impact in the company’s business process is been studied. Valve Corporation as a company has grown over the years in a huge way, the reason behind the company’s such growth is its highly innovative and quality video games that the company has launched over the years in the market. It has been able to develop such good quality software’s only because of the highly skilled and technically strong human resource that the company has in its resource list. The company was started as a small industry by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington from where now it has become one of the biggest games developing company in the world. The company maintains a flat management structure like in high schools where in there are no managers and employees work in different teams as per their projects as and when needed. The environment maintained in the company is very fun loving and employees are been given lots of facility to work at ease with no pressure or force. The company doesn’t have any managers, no middle management and all the employees are at same level and they are allowed to work as they want (Valve Software, 2014). The way of communication flow in the company is very casual as employees talk to each others in meeting, elevator,

Zinc and immunity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Zinc and immunity - Research Paper Example iciency also manipulates development of the acquired immunity by averting the outgrowth along with some functions of T lymphocytes like production Th1 cytokine, activation and B lymphocyte aid.2 Similarly, development of B-lymphocyte and production of antibody, mainly immunoglobulin G, is tampered. The macrophage, which is an essential cell in most immunologic roles, is negatively affected by the zinc deficiency. It can deregulate cytokine production, intracellular killing, and phagocytosis. The impact of zinc on the main immunologic mediators is based in the myriad duties for zinc in essential cellular duties like RNA transcription, DNA replication, cell division, as well as cell activation. Zinc deficiency potentiates Apoptosis. Zinc as well acts as an antioxidant and is able to alleviate membranes.1-2 In people suffering from trivial zinc deficiency, the clinical signs are impaired smell and taste, depressed immunity, impairment of memory, onset of night blindness and reduced spermatogenesis in males.2 Rigorous zinc deficiency has the characteristics of frequent infections, rigorously depressed immune function, bullous pustular dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea, and mental disturbances.3 Comparable effects of mild as well as rigorous zinc deficiency occur in laboratory animals that are zinc-deficient. An uncommon genetic disorder, called acrodermatitis enteropathica, happens in humans and cattle, resulting in reduced zinc absorption followed by attribute hyperpigmented skin lesions, deprived growth, and low concentrations of plasma zinc.2-3 This research investigates the features of zinc ecology of the immune system and tries to offer a biological foundation for the changed host opposition to infections seen in zinc deficiency as well as supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):447S–63S. Many human and animal studies show that zinc shortage reduces resistance to infectious diseases. Animals that are Zinc deficient have concealed immune responses. They

History of American Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of American Architecture - Essay Example After World War II the style manifested itself in clean-lined, unadorned glass skyscrapers and mass housing projects. Modernist architects of the early and mid-twentieth century were politically idealistic and radical. Their architecture expressed their faith that modernisation and progress would bring a better world. Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. Around 1900, a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new technological possibilities. By the 1940s these styles had been consolidated and identified as the International Style and became the dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the twentieth century. Some historians see the evolution of modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions. Others see modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it's plainly true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concret e and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. By the 1920s the most important figures in modern architecture had established their reputations. In 1932, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style. This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. Modernism became the pre-eminent, and then the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984. Modernist architecture became popular, because the ideal of progress was so widespread during the mid-twentieth century. Its gleaming glass, steel, and concrete buildings helped to spread the faith that technology and planning could heal the sick, replace the slums with hygienic housing projects, and create affluence for all. What is Post-Modernism Postmodern architecture is an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, and continues to influence present-day architecture. Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers

Challenges For Mental Health Social Workers Service users with mental health problems can present social workers with their own unique challenges; by exploring these challenges it is possible to gain a greater understanding of the role of the social worker. It is intended to look at the desired outcomes from Social Work intervention and the processes that a Social Worker can use to facilitate these outcomes.   Prevention-Work with groups at risk of mental health problems to promote positive mental health -work with individuals and families reduce the negative effects of institutionalisation and to promote social integration. (DAVIES, 2008)pp260 Multidisciplinary Teams-medicine- Psychiatrist-nurses-psychologist-occupational therapists-social worker All Social Workers, not just Mental Health Social Workers, need to be aware of the multitude of mental health conditions that exist. Whilst it is not the role of a Social worker to diagnose a mental illness; it is important for Social Workers to recognize that a client may have a mental health problem and be able to refer the client to a medical professional. Mental Health issues are present across all areas of social work including, child protection, older people, criminal justice and physical illness. (Manktelow, 2008) It is also important that Social Workers understand the various causes and contributing factors that can lead to the onset of mental health problems. It is widely agreed among health professionals that the causes of mental illness can be physical, psychological, social and environmental or more usually a combination of these factors. Physical- Genetic, brain injury, illness, pre birth factors such as maternal substance abuse or maternal illness during pregnancy Psychological- Abuse or trauma, bereavement or divorce Social and environmental factors- Lack of support network, stressful job, unemployment, living in a deprived or high crime area, poor accommodation, and lack of privacy. (www.rethink.org) http://www.rethink.org/about_mental_illness/what_causes_mental_illness/index.html [accessed 23/11/2010] Whilst physical causes can generally be put purely in the realm of the medical professionals; some issues such as substance abuse during pregnancy are a social work issue and whilst it is intended to concentrate on the work of the social worker within the bounds of mental health it is important to remember that many of the agreed causes of mental health problems are also social work issues and that early intervention in these areas can prevent future problems. The Social Workers role is especially important for service users with a dual diagnosis i.e. schizophrenia and substance dependence as the two conditions tend to be managed by different agencies; add to that issues with housing and benefits and it can be seen that effective communication as facilitated by the Social Worker is paramount (Parrish, 2010) The ultimate role of intervention is to improve the quality of life for the service user, their families, carers and all concerned. Cite Perhaps now would be a good time to look at what a person requires to feel that they have a good quality of life and the negative effect that a mental health problem could have on these requirements. Maslow with his Hierarchy of Needs tells us that to achieve a good quality of life we need firstly, the basic requirements of life without which a person will die then next in the hierarchy is the need for safety followed by Love and belonging, esteem and finally self actualization. Whilst the theory has its critics; most of the criticisms are aimed at the hierarchal nature of the theory. When the theory is applied to a specific population as in Majercsiks study of the needs of geriatric patients it can be seen that the hierarchy can be skewed.(Majercsik, 2005) It is generally agreed that if these needs are not met then this will have a negative effect on quality of life. E. Majercsik. (2005). Hierarchy of Needs of Geriatric Patients. Gerontology, 51(3), 170-3. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from ProQuest Nursing Allied Health Source. (Document ID: 823764721). The initial concerns during assessment and intervention are to ensure that the basic needs of the individual are being met and that they can continue to be met either by the individual or if necessary by a care plan. As well protecting the client from harm Service users with mental health problems my present a safety risk to themselves or others and it is important that these risks be assessed and if necessary steps taken to reduce these risks. If a client is deemed to be a risk to themselves or others they may be detained for treatment under the Mental Health Act (1983). This process requires an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) to make an application for admission to hospital for assessment or treatment. Deprivation of liberty is a serious matter and as such it is covered by strict laws and guidelines. It is important for a Social worker working in the field of mental health to know the laws and procedures involved with compulsory detention. (Golightley, 2008) Mental illness can be caused by abuse but also having a mental illness can leave a person vulnerable to abuse. Individuals with mental health problems are vulnerable to abuse in many forms, physical, sexual, psychological, financial, discrimanatary and neglectful. This abuse can come from many sources, friends, family, neighbours, strangers and even care proffessionals. This abuse can be intentional or unintentional. Working with vulnerable people puts a Social Worker in a position of power both real and percieved and it is important that this position of power is not abused. The GSCC Codes of Practice state that as a Social Worker you should recognise and use resposibly the power that comes from your work with service users and carers (GSCC 2002). The use of anti oppressive, anti discriminatory and reflective practices is therefore essential to good practice. Working in partnership with clients, setting the client realistic goals and the use of a person centered approach all serve t o redress this balance of power. Recognizing how ones own emotions, circumstances and values effect the way in which a person or situation is percieved is an important factor in being non-judgemental. A Holistic approach, taking into account, race, culture, social standing can help prevent discrimination. It is important to appreciate that any care plan should meet the needs of the individual and to ensure that the family/carers are also supported. Caring for a family member with a mental health problem can have many negative effects on the carer. The family may suffer financial hardship, social stigma and isolation. Children may feel or even be neglected due to the demands of caring placed on a family; this can lead to attention seeking behaviour, missing school, poor hygene, poor health or criminal activity. They may feel fear or intimidated by the unusual behaviour exhibited in some forms of mental illness. Carers may feel helpless, overwhelmed, tired, socialy deprived and may neglect their own care in favour of that of the ill family member; this can lead to physical or mental illness for the carer. If the carer can no longer cope with the caring role then the individual can be neglected. It is essential then that the family/carers receive support in their role. The Social Worker must develop a care plan that helps the family cope with their role as carers; this may include carer support groups, coping strategies for dealing with aggressive behaviour or hallucinations, advice on benefits, bringing in outside carers and explainations of treatments and illnesses. An effective care plan can improve the quality of life for the service user and their family and this in turn reduces the need for hospitalization and can prevent a host of future problems. Service users who require hospitalization for long periods of time can present different problems. They can become institutionalized and require a lot of work when the time comes that they are ready to re enter society.

Educating Exceptionally Talented Students Essay -- Special Education

Concern for at-risk learners forces the education of high ability learners to take a backseat in traditional classroom. Standard instruction and curriculum based on a pacing and sequencing method does not always allow students to accelerate. By definition, the term â€Å"gifted† exemplifies exceptionality often regarding intellect, creativity and leadership. An identification of gifted suggests that an individual requires specialized services and curriculum that are not always addressed by traditional methods of education. High ability learners require a challenging curriculum and specialized educators to prosper academically. The negligence in discharging one’s exceptionality can often lead high-ability learners to foster resentment, boredom and frustration. Traditional instruction and curriculum is not always structured to benefit the needs of exceptional learners. Gifted education programs are essential in educating exceptionally talented students due to the indivi dualized approach toward a student’s unique learning-style. Self -contained gifted classrooms offer a structured environment that allow for social and intellectual growth opposed to the traditional classroom. The inherent flexibility within the gifted program facilitates gifted development of a high-ability learner through acceleration and enrichment. Self-contained gifted classrooms serve as a school within-a-school segregating exceptional learners from the traditional classroom and curriculum. This offers a more individualized approach towards learning and instruction required in adapting to the unique abilities and learning styles of a gifted student. Homogenous classrooms of gifted students allows for accommodations of content, instruction and environment creati... ...litate intellectual and social growth due to the inherent flexibility which adequately accommodates for diverse learning styles. High ability learners deserve the same amount monitoring and guidance as underachieving students. Gifted programs are targeted at rendering an affective curriculum that challenges high-ability learners where as some traditional classrooms exercise pacing and sequential methods. Through a self-contained gifted classroom one receives the individualized attention and guidance needed to reach full potential. Works Cited Refrences Acceleration. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=383 Delcourt, M.A.B., Cornell, D.G.,& Goldberg, M.D. (2007). Cognitive and affective learning outcomes of gifted elementary school students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51 (4), 359-381. from Research Library. (Document ID: 1390043111).

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Approaches to Learning Essay

There are various ways which people can learn. There is a need to identify approaches that can assess learning effectively. David Kolb proposed a four stage learning process with a cycle of learning. (Gravells, A. 2008). The process is represented in the diagram below: Concrete experience This is process where the learner experiences or immerses themselves in the task. It is the first stage where the task assigned is carried out. It is also called the doing stage. In my specialism, this could be the time where I give my learner class assignment or test to do in the class. (Gravells, A. 2008). It is good way of assessing learning and getting feedback immediately. Observation and Reflection This involves stepping back from the activity and reviewing what has been done and experienced. Here the learner’s values, attitudes and beliefs can affect their thinking process. This is the process where the learner thinks about what they you have done. The learner has the opportunity to reflect on what has been done in the classroom through the home work given. Abstract conceptualisation This is where the learner tries to interpret and understand the activities that have been carried out during learning. This is the planning how you will do it differently stage. The learner has the opportunity to do this as I lecture a particular topic in mathematics. Active Experimentation It enables the learner to take in new learning and predict what is likely to happen next or what future actions can be taken to improve the way activities can be done in future. This is the redoing stage based upon experience and reflection. When feedback on Tests or home work is given, the learner has the opportunity to improve upon what has already been submitted. Learning styles A learning style is a learner’s consistent way of responding and using stimuli in the context of learning. Honey and Mumford’s learning style questionnaire is another theory used to demonstrate how a learner is able to learn effectively. Questionnaires were given to the learner’s that probes general behavioural tendencies. Although their theory is drawn from David Kolb, it had some differences. Learners were divided into Reflectors, Theorists, Pragmatist and Activist. Reflector The learner prefers to learn from activities they watch, think and review what has happened. They like to use journals and brainstorming. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/styles/honey_mumford.html [accessed on 3 July 2012.]. To be able to ensure learning takes place for this kind of learner, as a Teacher I would organise more group work, discussions and lecturing in mathematics sessions. Also give out hand outs for learner to read and reflect upon. Theorists Learners in this category prefer to think a problem through step by step manner. They like lectures, analogies, systems, case studies, models and reading. I would organise more lectures on a topic, give handouts and assignments for such learners giving them the opportunity to tackle problems/ questions later on. Pragmatist The learners prefer to apply new learning to actual practice to see if they work. They prefer field works, laboratories, observations, feedback and coaching. Â  Here learning can effectively take place where a lot of examples on topics are tried out with learner before giving out home work or assignments. A lot of clear feedback on assignments/ tasks and activities will be needed to ensure the learners actually understand information passed across.

Security Manager Role Essays

Security Manager Role Essays Security Manager Role Paper Security Manager Role Paper Security Manager Role To understand the role(s) of a Security Manager, a person must know what security is and what it means to an organization. According to Ortmeier, â€Å"security may be defined as a public or private service-related activity that provides personnel, equipment, and creates policies and procedures designed to prevent or reduce losses. These losses, caused by criminal action as well as by noncriminal events resulting from human error, emergencies, man-made and natural disasters, and business intelligence collection by competitors†. 2009). Security takes into account all actions and objectives intended to meet asset safeguard goals to make certain that security problems do not occur. Management of security is defined as multifaceted and interdisciplinary. Security for an organization includes the use of criminal and civil law, inspections, sleuthing, profiling, business management, strategy proposals, psychology, sociology, and technolo gy to shield persons and property. A security manager’s role varies, according to the organizational structure. A security manager takes on managerial, administrative, preventative, and investigative responsibilities and functions. The Managerial Role The security personnel’s managerial role, as stated by Ortmeier would entail the selection, training, scheduling, supervising, and the evaluation of security personnel. In addition to the aforesaid, the role of manager includes the responsibilities of productivity and improvements, morale, compensation, the employee’s welfare, attitudes, and expectations (2009). The Administrative Role Security manager’s administrative role encompasses the formation of the security’s organizational vision, mission, goals, and objectives. The security manager decides how the security operation should be set up and who will perform the security-related tasks. These managers also decide if security will be kept in-house or out-sourced or have a combination of the two. The Preventive Role The security manager’s preventive role necessitates the accountability for the prevention of loss from any source. The ultimate goal of the security anager is to distinguish what are or can be problems and to diminish or prevent the risk from occurring. The Investigative Role The security manager is not a public police officer. Security personnel are specially trained in security services not in law enforcement. The security manager’s knowledge in this area includes intelligence gathering capabilities and investigative skills. Information Technology Security Managers Inform ation technology security managers are the keepers of confidential information. The Open Guide states that information security refers to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The mission of IT security managers is to prevent any breach of IT services and data within the organizational requirements at acceptable cost. In todays economy with all of the hacking and stealing of information, the IT department and the security department need each other. The IT department is the protector of information and the security department is the protector of lives and assets. The company’s information is an asset in one form or another, either electronic or written. Hardcopy and electronic information needs to be protected from theft. If electronic information is backed up in any form, it has to be kept safe and secure in a location that can be accessed at a later time, if needed. Security personnel need to know where the information is to be located so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said information. If backups need to be moved, security can be on hand to transfer information, whether it is down the hall or to another location (2011). Airline Security Managers According to Powers, who wrote the job description for an airline security manager says that, the airline security manager’s purpose is to provide the supervision of the airline’s operational security functions and to make certain that the airline is conforming to current and future requirements of the Federal Transportation Security Administration (TSA). The manager must also manage tasks that will guarantee the safety of the public and the security personnel. Duties required on daily include: continual monitoring of the airport’s security status, identifying any potential current or future problems, analyze security and inspection reports to ensure that all TSA compliances are met, notifying TSA of any changes or problems that may require federal assistance, address and correct any issue that does not meet standard security procedures, interview any potentially new employee, hire new employee(s), instruct new employee(s) Airline security managers must be knowledgeable of public safety and security in an airport setting, discern how to use all security equipment and procedures, be familiar with all local, state, and federal airport security requirements and be aware of any new legislation. This manager must also have skills in administrative, monetary planning and analysis, understand how to use computers, software programs and technology, and recognize how to react in a large crisis situation or disaster (2011). Private Security Managers As stated by Writing, a private security manager’s role is to prepare and direct security operation systems and programs while providing safety to an organization or facility. The planning, management, and reporting are the core responsibilities of this position. Duties required on daily include: analyzing statistics and information to ensure a safe and secure work environment identifying weaknesses in building security and acting to resolve them set into place security policies and procedures and implement them revise any existing protocol(s) that may need updated or done away with hire security guard personnel take steps necessary to ensure the building is safe and secure consult with management in making any improvements or executing any security standards that comply with state and federal regulations be familiar with federal and state laws to ensure compliance within any industry develop unique programs to instruct personnel and employees lead, teach, and communicate with employees and security personnel write reports and reviews recommend employees for raises or termination Private security managers have more restricted rights than police officers, depending on the state law, in regard to holding people and carrying weapons. Many security personnel do not carry firearms, but if required, a concealed weapons permit would need to be acquired from that jurisdiction (2011). Public Facility Security Managers As stated by Amico, who describes the duties of a security manager, public facility security managers handle the security in businesses such as nightclubs, museums, office buildings and other public facilities. The security manager’s job is to make sure that the property is safe and secure and that everyone on the grounds has the legal right to be there, such as the nightclubs and persons underage trying to obtain admission. Duties required on daily basis include: protect lives and protect the property of the client maintain order among patrons and deal with unruly patrons know how to handle adverse situations preventing theft or vandalism protecting the building(s) or vehicles be alert to any suspicious activity know how to react to threats or disasters supervise staff hire and train guards know how to use force when needed and how much force to use know when to call in backup from the local police department or paramedics The majority of public facility security managers need to be at least 21 especially to work in a nightclub. Security managers in these areas need to use common sense and good judgment, like the nightclub scene and teenagers trying to pass off fake identification. A good number of security managers have spent time as guards before gaining a promotion into a managerial position (2011). Security Guard Roles According to Ray, security guards are not police officers and do not have the same duties and responsibilities. Security guards are in the prevention business, and it is their job to operate as an impediment to crime, watch for looming danger and report crimes that they may come across. Guards should be alert and visible at all times. Some thefts, damage, and injuries can be prevented when a criminal spots a guard. A guard is required to record events, take down license plate numbers and recall features to report the discoveries to the authorities. Security guards should have access to a phone or radio at all times to report any irregular activity or crime in progress, or to call for backup. A few guards are required to check badges of employees and visitors, or to check the bags of the employees and visitor’s leaving the facility (2011). Conclusion The role of a security manager varies from organization to organization, but in every case the most important task is to be a protector. The security manager of any business has two main goals: to promote a safe and secure environment for employees and visitors and to prevent loss of any kind. A security manager has many hats to wear but needs to assume simultaneously all roles of being a manager, administrator, trainer, referee, preventer/protector and investigator. Security managers need to work with other departments, keeping communication lines open, to promote a safe and secure environment. In an organization that keeps any kind of data, the security manager needs to know where the information is to be stored, so that a security plan can be put into place to secure said documents. All security managers need to be knowledgeable in their city, state, and federal laws that pertain to their workstation and be aware of any new legislative requirements that the company needs to be in compliance with. When problems arise the security manager needs be able to take care of the problem or if the situation calls for it, to call in backup. If a security manager cannot fulfill their role or fails to satisfy his or her job requirement the organization: can be sued and dragged into court, the company name can be slandered, someone can be terribly hurt or killed, or the company can lose assets Should any of the above occur the organization will lose business. In this case, the security managers in a position of being reprimanded and terminated for the lack of promoting a safe and secure premise and preventing loss of assets. References Amico, S. (2011). Security Managers Duties. Retrieved from ehow. com/print/list_6185215_security-manager_s-duties. html Open Guide. (2011). IT Security Management.. Retrieved from itlibrary. org/index. php? page=IT_Security_Management Ortmeier, P. J. (2009). Introduction to security operations and management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Powers, J. (2011). Airline Security Manager Job Description. Retrieved from ehow. com/about_6326581_airline-security-manager-job-description. html Ray, L. (2011). Job Duties Responsibilities of a Security Guard. Retrieved from ehow. com/print/facts_4925183_job-duties-responsibilities-security-guard. html Writing, A. (2011). Responsibilities of a Private Security Manager. Retrieved from ehow. com/list_6023354_responsibilities-private-security-manager. html

Sushi essays

Sushi essays The Japanese live long, and this is already a well known fact. One of the proven secrets of longevity is that they eat fish, a lot of them.  µ, the highlight of their fish cuisine, became very popular all over the world and had been representing Japanese food ever since. There is even a word in English: Sushi. There are numerous types of sushi such as nigiri-sushi, maki-sushi, and sashimi. In the 7th century, Southeast Asians introduced the technique of pickling. After 500 years, the Japanese acquired this same practice which consisted of packing fish with rice. As the fish fermented, the rice produced a lactic acid which in turn caused the pickling of the pressed fish. This was the very first form of sushi, and it was called Nare-Sushi. Then in 15th and 16th century, an altered form, Nama-Nare, appeared due to lengthy process. After a century, Matsumoto Yoshiichi of Edo introduced the use of rice vinegar into the sushi rice to add a flavor of tartness. One of the best known kinds of sushi, nigiri, wasn ft introduced until 1820 fs by Hanaya Yohei of Edo. His morsels, which included fresh sliced raw fish combined with the vinegared rice, were prepared and served for customers directly from his portable sushi stall. It eventually won immediate demands over the nation and descended the sushi bars of today. One of the typical nigiri sushi we eat is maguro, tuna sus hi. In my experience, there fs not just one tuna sushi, but quite a few, such as an albacore tuna, a white tuna, a fatty tuna, and the regular tuna. Just like other sushi, vinegared rice and a piece of tuna are, at least, required to make a tuna sushi. Once they are ready, by taking a small portion of the rice to the middle of a hand, pressing it with fingers to make it form nicely round and fairly long, and placing a sliced tuna on top of it, maguro is made. Another typical sushi is maki-sushi. This sushi contains strips of fish or vegetables ro ...

E-Businesss Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E-Businesss Marketing - Essay Example By doing this an organization faces both the advantages and the disadvantages of conducting business internationally. Advantages include competing with multinational firms and exploiting regions more suited to the products of the firm. The disadvantages include; entering a new country successfully will require studying the culture of the country and adapting to the situation and the potential risk of failing. Security is one of the major issues that are being faced by any organization in the present world. Internet crime has been one of these problems for organizations doing business on the Internet. Viruses and hacking have become very common, steps to reduce these have been taken and are being taken. An organization doing business online must convince its customers that data transmitted about them while buying online is safe from hackers and alteration. This can be done by formulating a security policy that provides the most secure transactions. A good security policy not only builds trust within the consumers but also helps an organization build a reputable image. The organization should also be efficient in responding to potential threats that are present before they harm the organization in any way. Importance to systems privacy is given while formulating a security policy as it determines a user's freedom while using Internet to purchase from the organization's website. Integrity i s also given importance while formulating a security policy as to avoid policies that might hinder the cohesiveness of different systems that are integrated into the E-Business. Another major security issue apart from all these is the physical security of the system. Physical security ensures that a system is safe from physical damage and thefts. Ant viruses help organizations in conducting a secure e-business and Fire Walls help control the traffic flow, balancing activities and stopping unexpected actions. Fire Walls also restricts unauthorized access in the systems. A security system that I have recently been exposed to is McAfee Antivirus system that protects the System from viruses, hackers and different potential threats on the Internet. 3. Some of the specific security objectives for protecting Web business assets and customer privacy are: - How do you protect client computers from security threats - How do you protect information as it travels through the Internet communication channel - How do you protect the security of Web server computers Pick any one of these topics to give your discussion contribution. Protecting Client Computers from security threats is not a very easy task to accomplish but it's the most important one too. Until and unless a client computer is safe it's impossible to conduct e-business with trust. The main threats are hackers

Patterns for Interpersonal conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patterns for Interpersonal conflict - Essay Example The second aspect is a behavioral component, which occurs when one individuals directly interferes with the objectives of another. The third aspect is the affective component, which refers to the negative emotions between individuals in conflict. Among these components, there are for common characteristics of interpersonal conflict that will be discussed in the paper. In addition, the paper will illustrate the negative factors that may result from lack of conflict resolution. The first common characteristic is that the conflicting parties are interdependent. The above mentioned illustrations of conflict show that the parties involved have contrasting opinions. Hence, regardless of the opposing views each of the parties is necessary for conflict to occur. Kelly and Braiker state that an individual who is not dependent on another and does not possess an interest in him or her cannot have a conflict with this person. Hence, since the choice of each person in the conflict affects the oth er, it is necessary to resolve all conflict in an environment that requires interaction. In such situations, the two individuals must find common ground as they will be unable to work together in a state of conflict. In most situations, individuals will sabotage their colleague to attain their own interests if there is no conflict resolution. The situation will be escalated to a point whereby the two parties are no longer willing or able to find common ground. Another characteristic is that the two parties often have the perception.

Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand management - Essay Example Specifically that brand aims at reaching out for the professional class, which can afford to purchase and maintain this brand of vehicle (Spiggle, Nguyen, & Caravella, 2012). The company has diversified its models to fit the various demands of their target customers by manufacturing small and bid body size cars, all body types. Apart from being a part top-class vehicle, Mercedes model is preferred for its safety features. Mercedes-Benz has invested a lot on the safety of their vehicles by considering its high quality brakes, stable body structure and installation with airbags for sensitive impacts. This makes it ideal for its target class, who consider safety as a priority while selecting a vehicle brand. The originality of the vehicle makes its one of the most unique automobile brands in the automobile industry. For instance, its body type is unique and different from that of competitor companies. As depicted in the company’s website, the model takes the body of a â€Å"chicken† that is complex to define and hence unique only to the company. Uniqueness is a feature that the upper-class associated with style and fashion of an automobile (Whitson, R 2013). This is the major reason why this brand has received a lot of favoritism from the professional class. Over 80% of the purchases of the Merc edes-Benz brand prefer it for its optimal fashion design. Quality is an important aspect of the Mercedes-Benz brand that makes its preferable by its target customers. Although its repair and maintenance are expensive, it does not demand for frequent repair and maintenance, hence giving a desirable service to its users. The physical appearance makes it a likeable brand. Mercedes-Benz has a shiny appearance that reflects its classy design and style which makes it admirable from a far. Technology is another important aspect of the brand that makes it a favorite for the youths in the middle. For instance the

Operations Management Essay Example for Free

Operations Management Essay 1. History Since starting out in 1989, the Glad Group has grown to become one of Australias leading property service providers. Initially established as Glad Cleaning Services, the company provided cleaning solutions for shopping centres and businesses. In November 2006 Glad Cleaning Services re-branded itself to the Glad Group, now offering integrated property solutions. With a strong focus on customer service and great value pricing, the Glad Group has continued to develop and maintain long-term relationships with its clients over the years. Company founders Nick and Lucy Iloski recognised there was a need to offer an integrated service that specialised in flexible solutions for the retail and commercial markets. Their customer focused approach was welcomed in the market and the company grew rapidly. Today, the Glad Group excels in five key property services: Retail Cleaning, Commercial Cleaning, Security, Maintenance, and Waste Management Environmental Solutions. Glad offers these services individually, or as an integrated property solution. 2. Introduction 2.1. Customer Service The Glad Group is based on a culture of integrity and dedication. Commitment without compromise underpins every operation Glad undertakes. Glad Group takes customer service seriously and aims to deliver enduring value through innovative, customer focused property solutions that provide a safe, clean and friendly environment for clients, their customers and the community. High standards of customer service are obtained through employee training, compliance, and industry innovation and embracing technology. Individuals are empowered through an environment of support and encouragement, making service and solutions quicker and easier for clients. The Glad Group believes trust, integrity, and dependability is essential in every working relationship and always treats clients, employees, contractors and community ethically and with respect. 2.2. Quality Control The Glad Group is accredited to ISO 9001 Quality Management System, AS 4801 Occupational Health and Safety and ISO14001 Environmental Management System. Glad’s comprehensive integrated management system along with the use of Praxeo and Kevah software ensures the staff comply with the current laws, acts, regulations and codes of practice. This has created a safer and more secure work environment, resulting in a progressive reduction in incidents and accidents. 3. Location The Glad Group has been providing property services to the Australian market since 1989. Today the Glad Group is proud to provide services nationally to a range of market sectors including major, regional and neighbourhood shopping centres, commercial buildings, schools and universities, federal, state and local government offices and financial institutions. Glad Commercial Cleaning has several work locations. Investa Property Group, which is one of the clients of Glad Group, owns the office building at Deutsche Bank Place, 126 Phillip Street, Sydney. Located on the prime eastern edge of the CBD, Deutsche Bank Place has commanding and unrestricted views of Sydney Harbour and the Botanical Gardens and it is very convenient for employees to travel to and from. Deutsche Bank Place is a 240 m skyscraper in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located at 126 Phillip Street in the north-eastern end of the central business district, across the road from Chifley Tower. Construction began in 2002 and was completed in 2005. The buildings architect is Norman Foster of Foster and Partners. Deutsche Bank is the primary tenant, occupying 9 floors and owning the naming rights. It is owned and managed by Investa Property Group. Other major tenants are Allens Arthur, Bain Company and Seven Wentworth. The 42,256m ² of total net lettable area boasts a NABERS Energy rating of 4.5 stars and a spectacular entry plaza. The building also offers cafà ©s, a brassiere, tenant showers, lockers and bike racks, a child care centre and outdoor areas. Located at the top of Hunter Street in the heart of the CBD, it is readily accessible by car and all public transport options. 3.1. Access It is very important these kind of commercial buildings to be easily accessible because there are lots of employees working in this building assuming 100 people for each level for a building that has 31 commercial levels beside other workers such as cleaners and securities as well as to receive the deliveries inside conveniently and timely. 4. Action Plans 4.1. Sustainability At Glad people believe corporate responsibilities include protecting the environment. Thats why an accredited environmental management system was developed. This system helps identify products or services that could affect the environment. To assist the system several policies, codes of practice, guidelines and International standards were adopted which exceed legislative compliance. All this ensures the best outcome for the environment. Every Glad employee receives training and development in the companys environmental system. It is very important to continuously develop and tailor site specific training and education packages that focus on recycling and sustainability solutions and procedures. The Glad Group use and offer the following environmentally friendly products and services: ï  ¶Green cleaning products and water wise machines Reusable microfiber cleaning cloths Water recycling products Biodegradable products Waste management (recycling) consultancy Recently, Glad acquired the most powerful portable high pressure steam cleaner in Australia. This new chemical free steam cleaner is a powerful unit that is not only environmentally friendly but also provides: Improved levels of sanitisation Indoor/outdoor applications Graffiti removal Water heated to extremely high temperatures killing bacteria, mould and viruses in large areas Chemical free portable high pressure steam cleaning for carpets Ideal for pavement/hard surfaces/entries facades Pollution free operation Uses recycled water system Extraction of waste water (waste water is taken to the site and then removed from the site) 4.1.1. New Steam Clean Technology The Glad Group have mobile chemical free cleaning technology that can come to your site and clean just about anything, from floors and carpets, to car parks and railway platforms. Not only does the system of high pressure (3000 PSI) and steam (260 °C) clean, it also removes the waste and residue instantly via the extraction system (400 ft of hose). Furthermore, not only does the truck bring its own water, it takes the waste water away for recycling. 4.2. Risk and Insurance Management The Glad Group takes hazard assessment and risk management very seriously. Glad’s comprehensive approach ensures clients; their customers and employees are safe from hazards that might cause injury. Glad commission Proclaim to actively investigate and manage public liability claims swiftly and professionally on behalf of the Glad Group and clients. Prior to the commencement of any contract a risk analysis is conducted, site specific safe work method instructions are designed and then audit on an ongoing basis. To further improve safety, Glad also operates a cutting edge software system called Glad Easi. Its a touch screen reporting program designed to provide an effective and auditable trail of information regarding employees, contractors and visitors within work sites. Due to the comprehensive approach to health safety and the efficiency of reporting methods, the Glad Group has one of the lowest public liability and workers compensation premiums in the industry. This results in considerable cost savings to clients. 4.3. HR Compliance The Glad Group is accredited to ISO 9001 Quality Management System, AS 4801 Occupational Health and Safety and ISO14001 Environmental Management System. Glad’s comprehensive integrated management system along with the use of Praxeo and Kevah software ensures the staff comply with the current laws, acts, regulations and codes of practice. This has created a safer and more secure work environment, resulting in a progressive reduction in incidents and accidents 4.4. Induction and Training All Glad Group employees are selected through an extensive interview process. Applicants must also provide evidence of their eligibility to work in Australia. Further checks such as, criminality record and immigration (DIMA) are then conducted by the Human Resource Department to ensure eligibility. Prior to issuing all cleaners, security guards and maintenance personnel with photo identification cards, the Glad Group provide detailed induction training at Head Office via Glad Compliance Department. This includes a number of training videos incorporating OHS endorsed procedures and detailed site instructions. All training is evaluated and recorded on an employees electronic training record. Eligible staff is also enrolled in Certificate I, II, III and IV courses in Cleaning and Asset Maintenance. Each of supervisors has a certificate in Asset Maintenance and extensive site experience for commercial and retail sites. 5. Innovation 5.1. G.M.R The Glad Mobile Reporting system is a powerful and flexible software solution used on hand held PDAs. This software has assisted the Glad Group in the management of property services and the assets and life cycles of our clients properties. The benefit it provides to clients is real-time on-site inspection reports such as: Quality assurance inspections Incident/accident reporting Damage/condition reporting OH S audits 5.2. Glad Easi The GLAD EASI system is a touch screen software solution designed to provide an audit trail of vital information for the Glad Group and its clients. The GLAD EASI system captures data such as: Time and attendance Employees entering and exiting the premises with delivery of information at both entry and egress Authorised entry for contractors and safety requirements to be met on entry and egress Safety aspects associated with the sites The system is also used for ongoing training of site personnel via extensive OHS video series. 5.3. Escalator Machine An innovative widely used easy to move machine to clean hard floor, stairway and escalator is coming soon to be used not only for ease of use but to save time as well.

Musculoskeletal Case Study: Rheumatoid Arthritis

Musculoskeletal Case Study: Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis with Hip Arthroplasty   Ã‚   S.P. is admitted to the orthopedic ward. She has fallen at home and has sustained an intracapsular fracture of the hip at the femoral neck. The following history is obtained from her: *She is a *75-year-old widow with three children living nearby. Her father died of cancer at age 62; mother died of heart failure at age 79. Her height is 5 feet 3 inches; weight is 118 pounds. She has a *50-pack-year smoking history and denies alcohol use. She has severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with evidence of cartilage and bone destruction, along with joint deformities. She had an upper gastrointestinal bleed in 1993, and had coronary artery disease with a coronary artery bypass graft 9 months ago. Since that time she has engaged in* very mild exercises at home. Vital signs (VS) are 128/60, 98, 14, 99 ° F (37.2 ° C), SaO2 94% on 2 L oxygen by nasal cannula. Her oral medications are *rabeprazole (Aciphex) 20 mg/day, *prednisone (Deltasone) 5 mg/day, and *methotrexate (Amethopterin) 2. 5 mg/wk. **What anatomical stage of Rheumatoid Arthritis does SP have? (1) Stage I-Early No destructive changes on radiograph, possible radiographic evidence of osteoporosis Stage II-Moderate Radiographic evidence of osteoporosis, with or without slight bone or cartilage destruction, no joint deformities (although possibly limited joint mobility), adjacent muscle atrophy, possible presence of extra-articular soft-tissue lesions (e.g., nodules, tenosynovitis) Stage III-Severe Radiographic evidence of cartilage and bone destruction in addition to osteoporosis; joint deformity, such as subluxation, ulnar deviation, or hyperextension, without fibrous or bony ankylosis; extensive muscle atrophy; possible presence of extra-articular soft-tissue lesions (e.g., nodules, tenosynovitis) Stage IV-Terminal Fibrous or bony ankylosis, stage III criteria List at least four risk factors for hip fractures. (4 pts) Age. The risk for hip fractures increases as we age. In 2010, more than 80% of the people hospitalized for hip fractures were age 65 and older, according to the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS). Sex. About 70 percent of hip fractures occur in women. Women lose bone density at a faster rate than men do, in part because the drop in estrogen levels that occurs with menopause accelerates bone loss. However, men also can develop dangerously low levels of bone density. Cortisone medications, such as prednisone, can weaken bone if taken for long term. Rabeprazole (Aciphex) and methotrexate (Amethopterin) could cause dizziness and more prone to falling. Physical inactivity (very mild exercises at home). Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, help strengthen bones and muscles, making falls and fractures less likely. Not participating in regularly weight-bearing exercise, may lead to lower bone density and weaker bones. Tobacco use. Can interfere with the normal processes of bone building and maintenance, resulting in bone loss. 2.Place a star or asterisk next to each of the responses in question 1 that represent S.P.s risk factors. (1) Case Study Progress       S.P. is taken to surgery for a total hip replacement. Because of the intracapsular location of the fracture, the surgeon chooses to perform an arthroplasty rather than internal fixation. The postoperative orders include: Chart View Why is the patient receiving enoxaparin (Lovenox) and warfarin (Coumadin)? (4 pts) In your answer, also explain how these 2 medications are used together and the rationale behind how they are used. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may form in leg veins as a result of inactivity, body position, and pressure, all of which lead to venous stasis and decreased perfusion. DVT, especially common in older adults and obese or immobilized individuals, is a potentially life-threatening complication because it may lead to pulmonary embolism. The most commonly used anticoagulants are unfractionated heparin (UH), low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), hirudin derivatives, and coumarin compounds. Unfractionated heparin (heparin sodium, commonly known as heparin) acts directly on the intrinsic and the common pathways of blood coagulation. Heparin inhibits thrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. It also potentiates the actions of antithrombin III, inhibits the activation of factor IX, and neutralizes activated factor X by activating factor X inhibitor. LMWH is effective for the prevention and treatment of DVT. LMWHs are derived from heparin, but the molecule size is approximately one third that of heparin. Enoxaparin (Lovenox), dalteparin (Fragmin), and ardeparin (Normiflo) are examples of LMWHs. LMWH has a greater bioavailability, more predictable dose response, and longer half-life than heparin with less risk of bleeding complications. LMWH has the practical advantage that it does not require anticoagulant monitoring and dose adjustment ( Hirsh , Bauer , Donati , Gould , Samama , Weitz , 2008). LMWH is administered subcutaneously in fixed doses, once or twice daily. Coumarin compounds, of which warfarin (Coumadin) is the most commonly used, exert their action indirectly on the coagulation pathway. Warfarin inhibits the hepatic synthesis of the vitamin K- dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X by competitively interfering with vitamin K. Vitamin K is normally required for the synthesis of these factors. Oral anticoagulants are often administered concurrently with heparin. Warfarin requires 48 to 72 hours to influence prothrombin time (PT) and may take several days before maximum effect is achieved. Therefore a 3- to 5-day overlap of heparin and warfarin is required. The clotting status should be monitored by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for heparin therapy and the international normalized ratio (INR) for coumadin derivatives. The INR is a standardized system of reporting PT based on a referenced calibration model and calculated by comparing the clients PT with a control value. Other tests to monitor anticoagulation may b e used. For DVT prophylaxis, low-dose unfractionated heparin, LMWH, or warfarin (Coumadin) can be prescribed depending on the clients level of risk and weight. Unfractionated heparin is typically taken by subcutaneous (subQ) route and prescribed at 5000 units q12h subQ for clients at low and moderate risk or 3500 to 5000 units q8h subQ for clients at high risk. LMWH is usually scheduled at 30 mg q12h subQ or 40 mg daily subQ. LMWH is rapidly replacing heparin as the anticoagulant of choice to prevent DVT in clients at high risk. In fact, LMWH is considered the most effective form of prophylaxis in hip surgery, in knee surgery, and following major trauma. Low-dose warfarin is usually reserved for clients with the highest DVT risk. It is quite common for a person to be taking both Coumadin and Lovenox at the same time. Lovenox begins working right away, while Coumadin does not. In fact, in the period of time when a person first begins taking Coumadin, the drug may actually increase the risk of clots for a short period of time. Therefore, Coumadin and Lovenox are often taken together. The Lovenox prevents clots while the Coumadin begins working. The Lovenox can be stopped once the INR is in the appropriate range. 4.S.P. received blood as an intraoperative blood salvage. Which statements about this procedure are true? (Select all that apply.) a.The blood that is lost from surgery is immediately re-administered to the patient (Salvaged blood should be washed. Salvaged blood that is not washed or otherwise processed (eg, centrifuged) has low hemoglobin levels (7 to 9 g/dL), residual anticoagulant, dysfunctional platelets, thrombogenic substances, free hemoglobin levels, and fat emboli that might lead to coagulation abnormalities). b.(True) The blood lost from surgery is collected into a cell saver    (Centrifuge-based RBC salvage with the intraoperative cell salvage machine (commonly referred to as a cell saver) starts with the surgeon aspirating blood from the surgical field through a suction wand. The blood is mixed with an anticoagulant as it is aspirated (eg, heparin or citrate) to prevent coagulation [16]. Typically, heparin in saline with a concentration of about 30,000 units/L is used. This solution is slowly and automatically added to the aspirated blood at a rate of 15 mL per 100 mL of collected blood [16]. During subsequent washing of the collected blood, all but a trace of heparin is removed). c.One hundred percent of the red blood cells are saved for reinfusion (other components in the blood such as platelets and contaminants can also adhere to these filters, but at least 85 percent of RBCs pass through the filter and into the patient). d. This procedure has the same risks as blood transfusions from donors. e.(True) The salvaged blood must be reinfused within 6 hours of collection. (Blood collected by intraoperative blood salvage may be stored either at room temperature for up to six hours or at 1 to 6 °C for up to 24 hours, provided that blood is collected under aseptic conditions with a device that provides washing and that cold storage is begun within six hours of initiating the collection. Such stored blood must be properly labeled). List four critical potential postoperative problems for S.P. (4 pts) Infection. Fever above 38 °C (100.4 °F) is common in the first few days after major surgery. Most early postoperative fever is caused by the inflammatory stimulus of surgery and resolves spontaneously. However, postoperative fever can be a manifestation of a serious complication. A thorough differential diagnosis of postoperative fever includes infectious and noninfectious conditions that occur following surgery. Fever may arise due to a surgical site infection (SSI), or from other hospital-related conditions, including nosocomial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, drug fever, and deep vein thrombosis. In evaluating a postoperative patient with fever, it is important to consider a broad differential, and not to assume that fever is due to infection. Fever as a manifestation of infection may be reduced or absent in immunocompromised patients including those receiving glucocorticoids, cancer chemotherapy, post-transplant immunosuppression, and also in some patients who are elderly or have chronic renal failure. Hypoxemia, specifically a PaO2 of less than 60 mm Hg, is characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms, ranging from agitation to somnolence, hypertension to hypotension, and tachycardia to bradycardia. Pulse oximetry will indicate a low oxygen saturation (below the 90 to 92% range). Arterial blood gas analysis may be used to confirm hypoxemia if the pulse oximetry indicates a low O2 saturation. Low oxygen saturation may be corrected by encouraging deep breathing and coughing or by increasing the amount of oxygen delivered. The most common cause of postoperative hypoxemia is atelectasis. Atelectasis (alveolar collapse) may be the result of bronchial obstruction caused by retained secretions or decreased respiratory excursion. Hypotension and low cardiac output states can also contribute to the development of atelectasis. Other causes of hypoxemia that may occur in the PACU include pulmonary edema, aspiration, and bronchospasm. Hypotension is evidenced by signs of hypoperfusion to the vital organs, especially the brain, the heart, and the kidneys. Clinical signs of disorientation, loss of consciousness, chest pain, oliguria, and anuria reflect hypoxemia and the loss of physiological compensation. Intervention must be timely to prevent the devastating complications of cardiac ischemia or infarction, cerebral ischemia, renal ischemia, and bowel infarction. The most common cause of hypotension in the PACU is unreplaced fluid and blood loss; thus, treatment is directed toward restoring circulating volume. If there is no response to fluid administration, cardiac dysfunction should be presumed to be the cause of hypotension. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) may form in leg veins as a result of inactivity, body position, and pressure, all of which lead to venous stasis and decreased perfusion. DVT, especially common in older adults and obese or immobilized individuals, is a potentially life-threatening complication because it may lead to pulmonary embolism. Clients with a history of DVT have a greater risk for pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism should be suspected in any client complaining of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia, particularly when the client is already receiving oxygen therapy. Manifestations may include chest pain, hypotension, hemoptysis, dysrhythmias, or heart failure. Definitive diagnosis requires pulmonary angiography. Superficial thrombophlebitis is an uncomfortable but less ominous complication that may develop in a leg vein as a result of venous stasis or in the arm veins as a result of irritation from IV catheters or solutions. If a piece of a clot becomes dislodged and travels to the lung, it can cause a pulmonary infarction of a size proportionate to the vessel in which it lodges. How will you monitor for excessive postoperative blood loss? (5 pts) Observe the dressing and incision for signs of bleeding Restlessness Confusion Anxiety Feeling of impending doom Decreased level of consciousness Weakness Rapid, weak, thread pulses Dysrhythmias Hypotension Narrowed pulse pressure Cool, clammy skin Tachypnea, dyspnea, or shallow, irregular respirations Decreased O2 saturation Extreme thirst Nausea and vomiting Pallor Cyanosis Obvious hemorrhage The rate and volume of bleeding, vital signs, and laboratory results should be closely monitored to assess the best approach to and aggressiveness of intervention. It is important to not allow the patient to become moribund before initiating life-saving measures. Post op Day 1, S.P. states that she is having 8/10 pain. List 3 thingsthat you would assess in order to determine why she is having the pain and then state 2 nursing interventions. (5 pts) Complications associated with femoral neck fracture include nonunion, AVN, dislocation, and degenerative arthritis. Postoperative pain is usually most severe within the first 48 hours and subsides thereafter. Variation is considerable, according to the procedure performed and the clients individual pain tolerance or perception. The client should be observed for indications of pain (e.g., restlessness) and questioned about the degree and characteristics of the pain. Identifying the location of the pain is important. Incisional pain is to be expected, but other causes of pain, such as a full bladder, may also be present. Pain assessments can be measured with a variety of scales such as asking a client to rate his or her pain on a scale of 0 to 10. Perform a comprehensive pain assessment to include the following: characteristic, onset and duration, quality, intensity and severity. In the early postoperative period, there is a potential for neurovascular impairment. The nurse assesses the clients extremity for (1) colour, (2) temperature, (3) capillary refill, (4) distal pulses, (5) edema, (6) sensati on, (7) motor function, and (8) pain. Provide client optimal pain relief with prescribed analgesic as ordered to relieve acute pain and to prevent pain from becoming too severe. Teach and assess clients correct use of patient-controlled analgesia to ensure effectiveness. Use nonpharmacological interventions to relieve pain, such as distraction, massage, relaxation, and imagery, for client use in lieu of or in conjunction with analgesics to obtain pain relief. According to the lateral traditional surgical approach, there are two main goals for maintaining proper alignment of S.P.s operative leg. What are they, and how are they achieved? (2 pts) The client and the family must be fully aware of positions and activities that predispose the client to dislocation (greater than 90 degrees of flexion, adduction, or internal rotation). Many daily activities may reproduce these positions, including putting on shoes and socks, crossing the legs or feet while seated, assuming the side-lying position incorrectly, standing up or sitting down while the body is flexed relative to the chair, and sitting on low seats, especially low toilet seats. Until the soft tissue surrounding the hip has healed sufficiently to stabilize the prosthesis, usually for at least 6 weeks, these activities must be avoided. Use elevated toilet seat Place chair inside shower or tub and remain seated while washing Use pillow between legs for first 8 weeks after surgery when lying on the side allowed by surgeon or when supine Keep hip in neutral, straight position when sitting, walking, or lying Notify surgeon if severe pain, deformity, or loss of function occurs Postoperative wound infection is a concern for S.P. Describe what you would do to monitor her for a wound infection. (4 pts) Redness (rubor, hyperemia from vasodilation), heat (colour, increased metabolism at inflammatory site), pain (colour change in pH; change in local ionic concentration; nerve stimulation by chemicals (e.g.,histamine, prostaglandins; pressure from fluid exudate), swelling (tumour, fluid shift to interstitial spaces; fluid exudate accumulation), edge approximation, odor, type of exudate. Vital signs, WBC. Taking S.P.s RA into consideration: what interventions should be implemented to prevent complications secondary to immobility? (6 pts) The physiotherapist usually supervises active-assistance exercises for the affected extremity and ambulation when the surgeon permits it. Ambulation usually begins on the first postoperative day. The nurse in collaboration with the physiotherapist monitors the clients ambulation status. The ambulating client should pick up the feet rather than shuffling them so that muscular contraction is maximized. When confined to bed, the client should alternately flex and extend the legs. When the client is sitting in a chair or lying in bed, there should be no pressure to impede venous flow through the popliteal space. Crossed legs, pillows behind the knees, and extreme elevation of the knee gatch must be avoided. Some surgeons routinely prescribe use of elastic stockings or mechanical aids such as sequential compressive devices to stimulate and enhance the massaging and milking actions that are transmitted to the veins when leg muscles contract. The nurse must remember that these aids are usel ess if the legs are not exercised and may actually impair circulation if the legs remain inactive or if the devices are sized or applied improperly. When in use, elastic stockings must be removed and reapplied at least twice daily for skin care and inspection. The skin of the heels and posttibial areas is particularly susceptible to increased pressure and breakdown. The use of unfractionated heparin (UH) or low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a prophylactic measure for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Advantages of LMWH over UH include (1) less major bleeding, (2) decreased incidence of thrombocytopenia, (3) better absorption, (4) longer duration of action, (5) as effective or more effective, and (6) no laboratory monitoring required. A primary nursing responsibility is the identification of clients at risk for the development of pressure ulcers and implementing pressure ulcer prevention strategies for those identified as being at risk. Prevention remains the best treatment for pressure ulcers. Devices such as support surfaces, special transfer equipment, and heel boots are useful in reducing pressure and shearing force. However, they are not adequate substitutes for frequent repositioning. The clients position should be changed every 1 to 2 hours to allow full chest expansion and increase perfusion of both lungs. Ambulation, not just sitting in a chair, should be aggressively carried out as soon as physician approval is given. Adequate and regular analgesic medication should be provided because incisional pain often is the greatest deterrent to client participation in effective ventilation and ambulation. The client should also be reassured that these activities will not cause the incision to separate. Adequate hydration, either parenteral or oral, is essential to maintain the integrity of mucous membranes and to keep secretions thin and loose for easy expectoration. Deep breathing and coughing techniques help the client prevent alveolar collapse and move respiratory secretions to larger airway passages for expectoration. The client should be assisted to breathe deeply 10 times every hour while awake. The use of an incentive spirometer is helpful in providing visual feedback of respiratory effort. The nurse should teach the client to use an incentive spirometer, which involves the following: inhale into the mechanism, hold the ball for about 3 seconds, and then exhale. This procedure should be done 10 to 15 times, and then the nurse should encourage the client to cough. It is recommended that an incentive spirometer should be used every 2 to 3 hours while awake. Urinary tract infections are another risk for people who may spend long periods of time on their back. This can promote urinary stasis or stagnation in the flow of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and thus, lead to infection. Prolonged immobility also causes an increase of minerals and salts to circulate in the blood that can promote the formation of kidney stones. Constipation is a common problem that may result from decreased physical activity. Other factors may aggravate bowel evacuation. These include loss of privacy and embarrassment if toilet assistance is needed; uncomfortable positioning while using the commode; excessive delay in elimination because of the inconvenience in going to the bathroom; and the unavailability of caregiver assistance if help is needed to use the commode. Bowel irregularity may produce abdominal discomfort, as well as cause loss of appetite. 11.In patients with RA, very often Prednisone is prescribed for a patient with an acute exacerbation. Which laboratory result will the nurse monitor to determine whether the medication has been effective?(1 pt) Blood glucose test Liver function tests C-reactive protein level Serum electrolyte levels Explain your answer (what does this test show?) Data on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein have been reported, elevated levels of C-reactive protein appear to correlate best with symptoms of pain and stiffness rather than extent or progression of disease. To detect inflammation and test for the activity of the disease; may be used to help differentiate osteoarthritis and RA; an increased level of CRP occurs in RA but not in osteoarthritis. 12.A patient with an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is taking prednisone 40 mg daily. Which of these assessment data obtained by the nurse indicate that the patient is experiencing a side effect of the medication? (1 pt) The patients blood glucose is 165 mg/dL (9.2 mmol/L). The patient has no improvement in symptoms. The patient has experienced a recent 5-pound (2.3 kilogram) weight loss. The patients erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has increased. Prednisone is used as an anti-inflammatory or an immunosuppressant medication. Prednisone treats many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders. Long-term side effects include Cushings syndrome insulin resistance (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to high blood sugar and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. 13.What predisposing factor, identified in S.P.s medical history, places her at risk for infection, bleeding, and anemia? (1 pt) Medication administration rabeprazole (Aciphex) 20 mg/day, *prednisone (Deltasone) 5 mg/day, and *methotrexate (Amethopterin) 2.5 mg/wk History of upper gastrointestinal bleed in 1993, and had coronary artery disease with a coronary artery bypass graft 9 months ago 50-pack-year smoking history 14.Briefly discuss S.P.s nutritional needs. (2 pts) As a person grows older, there are decreases in lean body mass (the metabolically active tissue), basal metabolic rate, and physical activity. Combined, these factors decrease the caloric needs for energy. The older person frequently reduces the consumption of needed protein, vitamins, and minerals and may take in empty calories, such as candy and pastries. When these factors are added to already existing medical problems, it is easy to see why poor dietary practices develop. In addition, poor dentition, ill-fitting dentures, anorexia, multiple losses affecting the social setting of meals, low income, and medical conditions involving the GI tract play a role in the type and amount of foods that are eaten. Socioeconomic factors are of critical importance when assessing the nutritional status of an older adult. The nurse must be aware of common medical and psychosocial factors in the older adult and should incorporate interventions for overcoming these problems in the plan of care. Some of the physiological changes associated with aging affect the nutritional status of older adults. The following changes are of particular interest: 1. Changes in the oral cavity (e.g., change in bite surfaces of the teeth, periodontal disease, drying of the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue, poorly fitting dentures, decreased muscle strength for chewing, decreased number of taste buds, decreased saliva production). 2. Changes in digestion and motility (e.g., decreased absorption of cobalamin, vitamin A, and folic acid and decreased GI motility). 3. Changes in the endocrine system (e.g., decreased tolerance to glucose). 4. Changes in the musculoskeletal system (e.g., decreased bone density, degenerative joint changes). 5. Decrease in vision and hearing (e.g., procurement and preparation of food are more difficult). Certain illnesses that are more prevalent in the older population are considered to be diet related. These include atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and diverticulosis. Multiple drugs are often required to treat these and other common chronic illnesses of the older client. These drugs often have an adverse effect on the appetite of older adults, increasing the possibility of inadequate intake caused by anorexia. Interventions: Calcium and Vitamin D Older adults need more calcium and vitamin D to help maintain bone health. Have three servings of vitamin D-fortified low-fat or fat-free milk or yogurt each day. Other calcium-rich foods include fortified cereals and fruit juices, dark green leafy vegetables and canned fish with soft bones. If you take a calcium supplement or multivitamin, choose one that contains vitamin D. Vitamin B12 Many people older than 50 do not get enough vitamin B12. Fortified cereal, lean meat and some fish and seafood are sources of vitamin B12. Ask your doctor or a registered dietitian nutritionist if you need a vitamin B12 supplement. Fiber Eat more fiber-rich foods to stay regular. Fiber also can help lower your risk for heart disease, control your weight and prevent Type 2 diabetes. Eat whole-grain breads and cereals, and more beans and peas along with fruits and vegetables which also provide fiber. Potassium Increasing potassium along with reducing sodium (salt) may lower your risk of high blood pressure. Fruits, vegetables and low-fat or fat-free milk and yogurt are good sources of potassium. Also, select and prepare foods with little or no added salt. 15.Explain four teaching points you can teach S.P. to help her protect herself from infection related to medication-induced immunosuppression. (4 pts) For older adult clients, the rate of HAI is 2 to 3 times higher than for younger clients. Age-related changes of decreased immunocompetence, the presence of comorbidities, and an increase in disability all contribute to higher infection rates. Infections common in older adults include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections, and TB (Furman et al.). Infections in older adults often have atypical presentations, and cognitive and behavioural changes appear before alterations occur in laboratory values (Furman et al.). Suspicion of disease should typically begin when changes in ability to perform daily activities or in cognitive function occur. Fever should not be relied upon to indicate infection in older adults because many have lower core body temperatures and decreased immune responses. Interventions include: 1. Handle Prepare Food Safely Food can carry germs. Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces often when preparing any food, especially raw meat. Always wash fruits and vegetables. Cook and keep foods at proper temperatures. Dont leave food out refrigerate promptly. 2. Wash Hands Often 3. Clean Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces Germs can live on surfaces. Cleaning with soap and water is usually enough. However, you should disinfect your bathroom and kitchen regularly. Disinfect other areas if someone in the house is ill. You can use an EPA certified disinfectant (look for the EPA registration number on the label), bleach solution, or rubbing alcohol. 4. Cough Sneeze Into Your Sleeve Dont Share Personal Items Avoid sharing personal items that cant be disinfected, like toothbrushes and razors, or sharing towels between washes. Needles should never be shared, should only be used once, and then thrown away